Paternalism (noun)

Meaning: A management approach where leaders act in a fatherly role, guiding and protecting employees

Usage: Early Japanese firms practiced paternalism to build employee loyalty.

Forms:

Paternal (adj): A paternal approach to leadership

Paternalistic (adj)

Paternalistically (adv)

Lifetime employment (noun phrase)

Meaning: A system where employees stay with one company for their entire career

Usage: Lifetime employment was a hallmark of traditional Japanese corporations.

Consensus-building (noun)

Meaning: The process of reaching agreement among a group

Usage: Japanese management emphasizes consensus-building before decisions.

Forms:

Consensus (noun)

Build consensus (verb phrase)

Vertical integration (noun phrase)

Meaning: A company controlling multiple stages of production or supply

Usage: The firm used vertical integration to maintain quality control.

Forms:

Integrate (verb)

Integrated (adj)

Product differentiation (noun phrase)

Meaning: Making a product distinct from competitors

Usage: Sony focused on product differentiation to stand out globally.

Forms:

Differentiate (verb)

Differentiated (adj)

Risk aversion (noun)

Meaning: Tendency to avoid risks

Usage: Large corporations often struggle with risk aversion.

Forms:

Averse (adj): He is risk-averse

Grassroots innovation (noun phrase)

Meaning: Innovation driven from lower levels of an organization

Usage: The company encouraged grassroots innovation among engineers.

Forms:

Grassroots (adj)

Export orientation (noun phrase)

Meaning: Focus on producing goods mainly for international markets

Usage: Japan’s growth was fueled by strong export orientation.

Forms:

Export (verb/noun)

Export-driven (adj)

Quality control (noun phrase)

Meaning: Maintaining standards in manufacturing

Usage: Strict quality control helped build global trust in Japanese products.

Forms:

Control (verb)

Controlled (adj)

Technological leapfrogging (noun)

Meaning: Skipping older technologies to adopt advanced ones directly

Usage: Japan achieved rapid growth through technological leapfrogging.

Forms:

Leapfrog (verb): Countries can leapfrog outdated systems